竹笛的形制及种类

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<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">作者：周可奇&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
&nbsp; <span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">经过几千年的发展，竹笛这种管状气鸣横吹开管乐器，目前基本定型为六（指）孔，这种六孔定调笛在我国普遍流行。六个指孔中，第二孔和第三孔，第五孔和第六孔距离较小。吹孔靠笛头的内面装有笛塞，为了防止开裂，笛身上缠有丝线，高档的笛子两头还镶有牛骨或牛角。 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">因为采用竹子制作，所以竹笛的音准对温度要求很高，容易随着温度的变化而产生偏差。调音插口的主要作用，就是在笛子因温度的高低而产生音高变化时，对音高进行微调。一般来说，气温高时（如夏天），笛子容易偏高，调音插口要适当拔出；气温低时笛子容易偏低，调音插口要插进到位。注意:<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">调音插口的调节活动距离在0.4<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">厘米之内，超过这个距离，会出现音程不准的现象。目前调音插口有单插和双插之分，插口的位置也有开在吹孔与膜孔当中和膜孔与指孔当中的区别，各人可以根据喜好选择。有一些演奏家因为对音色的追求，不使用带调音插口的笛子。他们一般准备多支同调而音高有稍许偏差的笛子选择使用，或者在演出之前，用黄蜡封堵指孔来解决因温度而产生的音高问题，这样需要进行较多的准备工作，不推荐初学者使用。 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">近几十年来，许多演奏家为了丰富笛子的表现力，对笛子进行了一些改良，由此，产生了一些其他种类的笛子。如：为了拓宽笛子的表现力，演奏家研制出了低音笛，现在常用的低音笛有大G<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、大A<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">等，《秋湖月夜》就是用大G<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">调演奏的。再如赵松庭的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">排笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、蔡敬明的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">新笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王其书的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">十五孔加键笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">等，此外还有弓笛、弯管笛、龙凤笛等，它们都是笛类乐器大家庭的一员。这些改良的笛子，有些经过时间的考验，已经成为了常用的笛子（如大G<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">调笛），有的则已被逐渐淘汰，有些改良还需要进一步地验证其演奏使用价值。 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">还有人曾经制作出了铜笛、铁笛、塑料笛、玉笛等，音色和竹笛的音色有很大的区别，现在演奏者和听众都比较习惯竹子制作的笛子，竹子在我国各地四处可见，取材容易，制作起来相对简单，可以说，竹子是制作笛子的最佳材料。 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">另外，我国幅员辽阔，少数民族众多，还有很多流行在少数民族的笛子，如佤族的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">短笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、塔吉克族的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">鹰笛、&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">门巴族的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">四孔笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、和苗族的&ldquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">莽笛&rdquo;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">等。 
&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">从目前的改良情况来看，在六孔竹笛的基础上，采用适当增加音孔的办法，有一定的可行性。如本人在演奏竹笛协奏曲《巴楚行》时，将竹笛第一指孔和上出音孔之间加开了一个小孔，（为筒音作5<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">指法中的#5<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">音），较方便地解决了该半音的演奏问题。实践证明，以筒音作5<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">为例，利用小指的按孔，加开#5<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">和#1<span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">两个辅助指孔，是目前较为理想的解决这两个半音演奏的办法，加开音孔后，不影响手指的灵活运动，在演奏某些新创作的乐曲时，可以作为一种尝试。&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
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